“Hell
on Earth” was what they called Passchendaele in Flanders (today Belgium), and
its name has long been a byword for the horrors of the First World War on the
Western Front. For New Zealanders, though, it has also become synonymous with what is thought to be New
Zealand’s greatest miltary disaster in terms of the number of lives lost in a
single day.
As
part of a failed attempt by II Anzac Corps on 12 October 1917 to capture
Bellevue Spur during the First Battle of Passchendaele, the advancing Kiwis soon found
themselves in trouble as they encountered fierce enemy resistance and swampy terrain transformed by previous battles, mass troop movements and relentless driving rain into a churned-up quagmire. They
struggled to make headway in the deep, clinging mud, unable to stabilise their field
artillery or bring forward heavy guns for cover. Shells fired from behind in support either sank deep into the muffling muck, exploding ineffectually in fountains of ooze, or fell short, doing more damage in "friendly fire" to Allied troops than to the Germans. Trapped by barbed wire and
exposed to raking fire from German machine-gunners in fortified pillboxes on the ridge above, they had
no shelter but the water-filled shell holes in which many men drowned. Another push had been planned for to take place at 3.00 p.m, but by then the magnitude of the failure had become clear and the Allied offensive was mercifully called off.
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| Stretcher bearers at Passchendaele |
Although the Germans called an informal truce and refrained from firing on stretcher parties, conditions were so atrocious that it took two days to retrieve the wounded lying in the half frozen mire between the lines. It took 4 to 5 hours to get each casualty to safety, and at times the stretcher bearers themselves had to be rescued after sinking up to their armpits in the morass while carrying their burdens.
The toll was horrendous. Among the New Zealanders alone there were about 2700 casualties.These included about 950 men who were either dead or mortally wounded; 842 men are officially listed as dying on 12 October, and the rest succumbed to their wounds in field ambulances and hospitals behind the lines in Belgium, France and England, some many weeks later.
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| The wasteland that was Passchendaele Amidst the detritus of war the bodies of horses, mules and men lie half-buried in the mud. |
Among
those casualties are two commemorated at the NgatImoti War Memorial. Les Green and Hector Guy were both grandsons of English settlers who came in the early days to live at Motueka. Their
fathers had taken up land at Ngatimoti, and both worked on their parents’
farms. They went to local schools, hunted in the hills, mucked around on the
river. They worked hard but were always up for a bit of fun, and trained
together with their local Territorials’ unit - the 12th (Nelson &
Marlborough) Infantry Regiment - captained by Ngatimoti man Cyprian Brereton.
Both
jumped to enlist in August 1914, when hostilities with Germany broke out. Now members of the 12th (Nelson)
Company, Canterbury Infantry Battalion, commanded by Major Brereton, on 16
October 1914 they were among the group of Ngatimoti ‘s first volunteers who sailed
off to the war from Wellington on the troopship “Athenic”, with the Main Body
of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. Both took part in the campaign on Gallipoli and were hospitalised in England as a result before being deployed to the Western Front.
One hundred years on, let’s spare a thought for
these two high-spirited young men who would never return to their friends and
families in our peaceful Motueka Valley, but remained among the countless lost dead
whose names are recorded at the Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing at Zonnebeke in West-Vlaanderen, Belgium.
Second Lieutenant James Leslie Green (1891-1917)
Known as “Les”
Son of Charlie &
Jennie (nee Mickell) Green
WWI serial no 6/239
Canterbury Infantry Battalion,
Main Body, NZ Expeditionary Force.
Company Sergeant Major Albert Hector Guy (1890-1917) MSM
Known as “Hector” or “Hec”.
Son of John Arliss & Elizabeth (nee Strachan) Guy
WWI
serial no 6/244
Canterbury
Infantry Battalion,
Main
Body, NZ Expeditionary Force.
And a shout out to another "Blackest Day" casualty at Passchendaele from the Canterbury Infantry Battalion whose name is also recorded at the Tyne Cot Memorial: Private James Daniel "Dan" Tomlinson (1876 -1917). A carpenter from Waimea West commemorated at the Brightwater War Memorial Gates, as a relative-by-marriage to the Grooby family who still farm at Greenhill Road, he nonetheless counts
as a Ngatimoti connection.
And a shout out to another "Blackest Day" casualty at Passchendaele from the Canterbury Infantry Battalion whose name is also recorded at the Tyne Cot Memorial: Private James Daniel "Dan" Tomlinson (1876 -1917). A carpenter from Waimea West commemorated at the Brightwater War Memorial Gates, as a relative-by-marriage to the Grooby family who still farm at Greenhill Road, he nonetheless counts
as a Ngatimoti connection.
Note: Although the official number of those New Zealanders actually killed in action on 12 October 1917 is given by the NZ Ministry of Heritage & Culture as 843, you'll notice if you read different accounts that this number is given variously as being between 842 and 846. This discrepancy is due to the difficulties in establishing exactly who died during the offensive itself and those wounded who died in the field before they could be rescued.
References
WWI00: Counting the cost of Passchendaele
Military historian Ian McGibbon explains how he came up with the number 843 currently accepted as the official number of NZ deaths on the "Blackest Day"
"Utter desolation": An eloquent eyewitness account. Transcript of a letter written by Private Leonard Hart to his parents on 19 October 1917 which pulls no punches, describing in graphic and gripping detail his impressions of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele on 12 October 1917.
NZ History website
WWI00: Counting the cost of Passchendaele
Military historian Ian McGibbon explains how he came up with the number 843 currently accepted as the official number of NZ deaths on the "Blackest Day"
"Utter desolation": An eloquent eyewitness account. Transcript of a letter written by Private Leonard Hart to his parents on 19 October 1917 which pulls no punches, describing in graphic and gripping detail his impressions of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele on 12 October 1917.
NZ History website
NZ History Online, WWI, the Western Front
NZ Ministry for Heritage & Culture.
(See links to sources of further information below article) The History of the Canterbury Infantry Battalion, N.Z.E.F.
WWI returned servicemen talk about their experiences at Passchendale
RNZ: Jesse Mulligan, 27 September 2017.
Photos and recordings courtesy of Nga Taonga Sound & Vision.
Ch 10, "The History of the Canterbury Infantry Battalion, N.Z.E.F, 1914-1919" (pub. 1921)
Author Captain David Ferguson
Passchendaele Centenary:New Zealand's blackest day in Flanders Fields
"Noted" (the "NZ Listener") .25 April 2017 Author: Matthew Wright,
Rustlings in the Wind blogspot
The Prow: Stories of people and places from the Top of the South
WWI: Their Stories
Nelson Provincial Museum
NZ History Online, Memorials
NZ Ministry for Culture & Heritage
NZ Wargraves Project
Image credits
Jacking up a field gun stuck in the mud at Passchendaele
National Army Museum archives
Stretcher bearers at Passchendaele
Wikimedia Commons
Les Green
"Auckland Weekly News" 1917
Auckland Libraries Heritage Images Online
Hector Guy
"Auckland Weekly News" 1917
Auckland Libraries Heritage Images Online.
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